A Woman Indefinitely Plagued The Truth Behind The...

A Woman Indefinitely Plagued: The Truth Behind The Yellow Wallpaper In The Yellow Wallpaper, a young woman and her husband rent out a country house so the woman can get over her â€Å"temporary nervous depression.† She ends up staying in a large upstairs room, once used as a â€Å"playroom and gymnasium, [†¦] for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls.† A â€Å"smoldering unclean yellow† wallpaper, â€Å"strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight,† lines the walls, and â€Å"the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes [that] stare at you upside down.† The husband, a doctor, uses S. Weir Michells â€Å"rest cure† to treat her of her sickness, and he directs her to live isolated in this strange room. The†¦show more content†¦The overall goals of womanhood included remaining passive and modest in all situations. During Gilman’s lifetime, women’s rights activists began to act out against The Cult of Domesticity, but socie ty simply shunned them. Gilman came from a long list of fighters for women’s rights, including her aunt Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Having this strong background affected more than her mindset about women’s roles; it also affected her interpersonal relations that she had with her husband and what role she expected to fulfill. From the beginning she struggled with the idea of having to conform to the domestic model for women. Gilman rejected repeated proposals; she stated that â€Å"her thoughts, her acts, her whole life would be centered on husband and children. To do the [writing] she needed to do, she must be free.† She finally married Charles Walter Stetson at the age of 24. Not even a year later in March 1885, Charlotte gave birth to her first child, â€Å"but feelings of ‘nervous exhaustion’ immediately descended upon her, and she became a ‘mental wreck.’† Now known as Postpartum Depression, this was the affliction tha t fell upon Gilman. Doctors of the time had little knowledge about the female hormonal system, and all nervous disorders were associated with â€Å"hysteria,† a reference used for women with emotional problems. Gilman’s writing was an effort at expressing the

Hiroshima And Nagasaki And Hiroshima - 1353 Words

I had the feeling that all the human beings on the face of the earth had been killed off, and only the five of us (his family) were left behind in an uncanny world of the dead (â€Å"Bombing†). This was the account of a little boy in fifth grade who had survived the tragedy of Hiroshima in 1945. Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombings of Japanese cities by the United States during World War II. Of the thousands of people who died, the horrific tellings of what they saw and what happened to them is a blemish on history. Without a doubt, these actions changed the perspective on war, as this was the only time atomic weapons have ever been used. The events of Hiroshima and Nagasaki not only altered history, but had a devastating and influential†¦show more content†¦The city had very high security and everything was confidential. No one was allowed to have checks with his or her name or have a bank account. Babies born had nothing but a post office number on their birth certificates, and children were even enrolled in school without last names. All of this secrecy was a request from both the president and General Groves(Claypool 43-45). Once order was restored and security was implanted they could more easily focus on the mission itself. Their goal of creating the first ever atomic bomb was extremely difficult, and it was unknown if it could even be accomplished. This was possibly the most difficult project any of the scientist had ever been a part of and they all knew this would not be a simple feat. When the bomb had been finished and tested, it was up to Truman to decided if and when to use it. Knowing that if he used it the war would be over, but thousands of innocent people would be killed, it was a very difficult decision to make (O’Neal 22-25). Together Truman, a team of scientist, and high ranking military officials decided the best way to go about the bombing of the city. Knowing that the Japanese would have no choice other than to surrender, but that they would not be willing to do so until their last man was killed, it was obvious that the war would last for many more months, possibly years, with thousands more casualties. A warning was given to Japan saying that if they refused toShow MoreRelatedHiroshima And Nagasaki And Hiroshima1181 Words   |  5 Pages Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima and Nagasaki most known cities in Japan for the explosion of the two atomic bombs(Little Boy and Fat Man)The world changed irrevocably 70 years ago,on August 6,1945 when the United States dropped the first nuclear (bomb) weapon in the history of the civilian population of Hiroshima ,Japan.Three days later ,the second and ,to date ,final atomic weapon used against human targets was dropped on Nagasaki ,Japan.Hundred of thousands were killed.Many horrifically burnedRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWar Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of Nagasaki 15th AugustRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1902 Words   |  8 Pages Hiroshima and Nagasaki altered the course of world events by starting the Cold War, ushering advancements in technology, and by influencing cultures worldwide. Occurring on August 6 and August 9 in 1945, the bombing of the cities set of a series of events that would forever change history. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as superpowers with seemingly limitless power. Their ideologies, however, contrasted greatly, and the once allied nations would turn against each otherRead MoreA Short Note On Hiroshima And Nagasaki And Hiroshima1601 Words   |  7 PagesMight have been those nuclear besieging about japan (HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI) to 1945 NECESSARY?. Prologue. Then afterward America required effectively tried the nuclear shell over mid-July 1945, those united states president might have been willing to utilize it Likewise a standout amongst those weapons of finishing the second world war. In spite of those confirmation assembled starting with the testing f rom claiming this shell that it required sweeping impacts over different typical bombs, PresidentRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1422 Words   |  6 PagesPapas 1 Hiroshima â€Å"For those who were there and who survived to recall the moment when man first turned on himself the elemental forces of his own universe, the first instant was pure light; blinding intense heat ... if there was a sound no one heard it. The initial flash spawned a succession of calamities. First came the heat. It lasted only an instant but was so intense that it melted roof tiles, fused the quartz crystals in granite blocks ... and incinerated humans so thoroughly that nothingRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1174 Words   |  5 PagesMorality of The Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki There have been various arguments regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that continually surface as to whether it was necessary or morally right to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. Depending upon whose side of the argument you have heard causes one to question whether this was a morally right or wrong decision that was made. Serious reconciliation is needed due to this event, and both sides of the argument need to be strongly consideredRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1593 Words   |  7 Pages Bombing of Hiroshima On August 8th 1945 the first atomic weapon, a fission bomb, was dropped on the city of Hiroshima in an attempt to force the Japanese to surrender in World War II (Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2009). This event exposed the danger of nuclear energy. This massive explosion demolished 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people. This was only the beginning though, tens of thousands of innocent people died due to the aftermath of radiation exposure for anotherRead MoreThe Crime Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe Crime of Hiroshima and Nagasaki â€Å"For those who were there and who survived to recall the moment when man first turned on himself the elemental forces of his own universe, the first instant was pure light; blinding intense heat ... if there was a sound no one heard it. The initial flash spawned a succession of calamities. First came the heat. It lasted only an instant, but was so intense that it melted roof tiles, fused the quartz crystals in granite blocks ... and incinerated humans so thoroughlyRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States was completely unjustified in dropping the atomic bomb because it was used so we could have a sense of â€Å"power† over the rest of the world. President Harry Truman had paid no heed to his prior statements as to the intended use of the bomb; and not only had it violated the Hague Convention, but it also caused lifelong repercussions for Japan’s land and people. The United States, nearly 70 years later, has yet to apologize to the victims orRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1720 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: Plan of Investigation To what extent did the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan justified? The Manhattan project was the reason the bomb, ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ were dropped in Japan. The Manhattan project was created because America was frightened, that Germany was already creating nuclear bombs. (http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki) So, America started the project in 1949. The reason Japan became the target was because, Japan

Describe the basis of the Gram stain free essay sample

Introduction Gram staining is a procedure founded by Christian Jacobs Hans Gram in 1883 in Germany. The Gram stain is a technique devised to categorise most bacteria into two sub-categories; gram positive and gram negative, based on the properties of the cell wall. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the basis of the Gram stain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cell wall The cell wall’s characteristics determine Gram staining. Gram negative bacteria contain an asymmetric bilayer, where the outer layer consists of lipopolysaccharide which acts as a permeability barrier and prevents the entrance of the Gram stain in the periplasm. The peptidoglycan layer within the periplasm is dense whereas the cell wall of gram positive bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan. [1] Method of Gram staining In order to perform the Gram stain, a primary and secondary stain is required, in addition to a mordant, decolouriser and water. To initiate the process, a smear is heat-fixed by being passed through a Bunsen burner several times. Next, the primary stain, which is usually crystal violet, is applied to the slide for approximately a minute in order to allow the dye to bind to the cell wall. The unbound stain is then removed by rinsing the slide with water. Then, the mordant, which is usually Gram’s iodine, is added on to the slide which allows the crystal violet to be fixed to the cell wall by the formation of violet-iodine crystal complexes. The sample is left for one minute and then is washed again with water. The slide is then decolourised with an alcohol substance, usually at a thirty degree angle for between three to five seconds and is then washed away. The decolourising process is important as the primary stain is removed from the Gram negative bacteria due to the cell wall’s outer lipid layer dissolving. This causes the violet-iodine to leak and therefore the sample will become decolourised. However, if the organism is gram-positive, the slide will stain a dark purple as the cell wall will allow the stain to be retained. However, if the decolouriser is left on for too long, the primary stain may be removed from a gram-positive organism and therefore the organism may be wrongly  identified as being gram negative. The final procedure of the gram stain is the use of the secondary stain, otherwise known as the counter stain, usually safranin. The decolouriser is rinsed off with water and then is drowned in safranin which does not affect the gram-positive organism but causes the gram-negative cells to gain a red stain. [1] [2] [3] [4] Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that the most important aspect of the Gram stain is the retention of the primary stain as this can initially determine whether the bacteria is gram-positive or gram-negative during the decolourisation process. However, an important factor to be considered when Gram staining is that not all bacteria can or are necessary to be classified as Gram positive or Gram negative. [2]

Sex And Church Essays - Interpersonal Relationships,

Sex And Church A major misconception that many people have is what they think the church's opinion is on sexual intercourse. Most people believe that the church thinks sex is a sinful act that should only be done in privacy for procreation reason and should never be discussed about in public. This belief though is incorrect because the church since the beginning of time has believed that sex is a God given gift. Recently a problem though has occurred in which people have been arrested for either promoting sexual intercourse or participating in the act. Two recent court cases that have dealt with the concept of sex being unmoral is Griswold versus Connecticut and Bowers versus Hardwick. Both of these cases brought up new questions about whether different kinds of sex are moral or not. The first case was Griswold versus Connecticut. This case was about Estelle Griswold who opened a birth control clinic in 1961 in Connecticut. This clinic was made with the belief that they would soon be caught breaking one of the many Connecticut sex laws. Three days after it opened Griswold was arrested after giving birth control to a married couple. The other case was Bowers versus Hardwick. This case involved a man named Michael Hardwick who was caught by a police officer having anal sex with another man in his own home. There is law in Georgia that states that anal sex is illegal so Hardwick was immediately arrested. Whether or not the Church would agree with these court cases is a difficult question to answer. The churches opinion on sex has changed throughout history. In the begin the Church believed that sex should only occur if a married couple wishes to have a child but the modern church has a new opinion. The modern church believes sex should be for pleasure not just procreation as long though as the couple having sex is loyal to each other. The modern church agrees with people having sex as long as the two people are in love with each other. This means that the church would agree with Griswold versus Connecticut because the birth control was given to a married couple. If two people are married that means they care for each other and it is not just meaningless sex. If the birth control was given to people who did not care about each other then the Church would disagree. In the Bower's versus Hardwick case one question would have to be asked before the church could makes its discussion. The question would be whether or not Hardwick and the man he was having sex with were in love. If the men did care about each other then by the teachings of the modern church the sex would be allowed. Even though the Church does not agree with homosexuality it would have to disagree with arresting of this young man.

John Austins Theory of Sovereignty free essay sample

The concept of sovereignty is one of the most complex in political science, with many definitions, some totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority. When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy. Sovereignty and Political Authority On the international level, sovereignty means independence, i. e. , noninterference by external powers in the internal affairs of another state. International norms are based on the principle of the sovereign equality of independent states; international law excludes interference and establishes universally-accepted rules. We will write a custom essay sample on John Austins Theory of Sovereignty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, sovereignty is eminently rational, if not dialectical, since the sovereignty of a state depends not only on the autonomous will of its sovereign, but also on its standing vis-a-vis other sovereign states. From this perspective, one can say that the sovereignty of any single state is the logical consequence of the existence of several sovereign states. It is thus a serious mistake to assume that sovereignty is possible only within the framework of the classic type of state, i. e. , a nation-state, as do representatives of the â€Å"realist† school, such as Alan James and F. H. Hinsley, or neo-Marxist theoreticians like Justin Rosenberg. One should not confuse the concepts of nation and state, which do not necessarily belong together, or assume that the concept of sovereignty was formulated clearly only in terms of the theory of the state. Closer to the truth is John Hoffman’s assertion that â€Å"sovereignty has been an insoluble problem ever since it became associated with the state. Even though a concept of sovereignty did not exist before the 16th century, it does not follow that the phenomenon did not exist in political reality, and that it could not have been conceptualized differently. For example, Aristotle does not mention sovereignty, but the fact that he insists on the necessity for a supreme power shows that he was familiar with the idea, since any supreme power — kuphian aphen with the Greeks; summum imperium with the Romans — is sovereign by definition. Sovereignty is not related to any particular form of government or to any particular political organization; on the contrary, it is inherent in any form of political authority. The problem with sovereignty appeared at the end of the Middle Ages, when the question posed was no longer only about the best form of government or the limits of political authority, but about the relation between the government and the people, i. e. , the relation between ruler and ruled in a political community. What is sovereignty? Alain de Benoist 1. 2 John Austin Austins basic approach was to ascertain what can be said generally, but still with interest, about all laws. Austins analysis can be seen as either a paradigm of, or a caricature of, analytical philosophy, in that his discussions are dryly full of distinctions, but are thin in argument. The modern reader is forced to fill in much of the meta-theoretical, justificatory work, as it cannot be found in the text. Where Austin does articulate his methodology and objective, it is a fairly traditional one: he â€Å"endeavored to resolve a  law  (taken with the largest signification which can be given to that term  properly) into the necessary and essential elements of which it is composed† As to what is the core nature of law, Austins answer is that laws (â€Å"properly so called†) are commands of a sovereign. He clarifies the concept of positive law (that is, man-made law) by analyzing the constituent concepts of his definition, and by distinguishing law from other concepts that are similar: * â€Å"Commands† involve an expressed wish that something be done, combined with a willingness and ability to impose â€Å"an evil† if that wish is not complied with. Rules are general commands (applying generally to a class), as contrasted with specific or individual commands (â€Å"drink wine today† or â€Å"John Major must drink wine†). Positive law consists of those commands laid down by a sovereign (or its agents), to be contrasted to other law-givers, like Gods general commands, and the general commands of an employer to an employee. * The â€Å"sovereign† is defined as a person (or determinate body of persons) who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of the population, but who does not habitually obey any other (earthly) person or institution. Austin thought that all independent political societies, by their nature, have a sovereign. * Positive law should also be contrasted with â€Å"laws by a close analogy† (which includes positive morality, laws of honor, international law, customary law, and constitutional law) and â€Å"laws by remote analogy† (e. g. , the laws of physics). Austin also wanted to include within â€Å"the province of jurisprudence† certain â€Å"exceptions,† items which did not fit his criteria but which should nonetheless be studied with other â€Å"laws properly so called†: repealing laws, declarative laws, and â€Å"imperfect laws†Ã¢â‚¬â€laws prescribing action but without sanctions (a concept Austin ascribes to â€Å"Roman [law] jurists In the criteria set out above, Austin succeeded in delimiting law and legal rules from religion, morality, convention, and custom. However, also excluded from â€Å"the province of jurisprudence† were customary law (except to the extent that the sovereign had, directly or indirectly, adopted such customs as law), public international law, and parts of constitutional law. Within Austins approach, whether something is or is not â€Å"law† depends on which people have done what: the question turns on an empirical investigation, and it is a matter mostly of power, not of morality. Of course, Austin is not arguing that law should not be moral, nor is he implying that it rarely is. Austin is not playing the nihilist or the skeptic. He is merely pointing out that there is much that is law that is not moral, and what makes something law does nothing to guarantee its moral value. â€Å"The most pernicious laws, and therefore those which are most opposed to the will of God, have been and are continually enforced as laws by judicial tribunals† In contrast to his mentor Bentham, Austin, in his early lectures, accepted judicial lawmaking as â€Å"highly beneficial and even absolutely necessary†). Nor did Austin find any difficulty incorporating judicial lawmaking into his command theory: he characterized that form of lawmaking, along with the occasional legal/judicial recognition of customs by judges, as the â€Å"tacit commands† of the sovereign, the sovereigns affirming the â€Å"orders† by its acquiescence. It should be noted, however, that one of Austins later lectures listed the many problems that can come with judicial legislation, and recommended codification of the law instead.

Health Issues of a Developed Country (The US) The WritePass Journal

Health Issues of a Developed Country (The US)   Abstract Health Issues of a Developed Country (The US) prescription charges are at 7.65  (Politics .co.uk, 2012).   Widespread protests against the prescription charges have contributed to several exceptions in the prescription drug charges including for children under 16, pregnant women, elderly people above 60, etc. More recently people with chronic conditions such as cancer have been included into those under the exempted category. While in Wales and Northern Ireland prescription charges have been completely abolished, the English government has, however, indicated that no further free prescription programs would be introduced but that the new policies would focus on brining more fairness into the prescription charging system (Politics.co.uk, 2012). Transition to a Market System Chronic underfunding and gaps in services and the pressures to improve the overall operating efficiency have gradually led to the NHS from being a total public ownership entity towards a market based system. In fact this shift towards a market based system could be traced way back to the Thatcher administration that introduced the policies of ‘general management’ and ‘outsourcing’ which bought about a fundamental shift.   General managers were people who were specialized in hospital management and provided a neat layer of interfacing between the health policy makers and the doctors and nurses who implement the policies. Outsourcing of non medical services such as hospital cleaning, catering saw for the first time the entry of the private sector into the NHS system (DH, 2005). Since then private sector participation in the NHS has improved significantly. By the late 1990’s, for instance, long term care by NHS was already taken over to a large extent and managed by private for profit service providers. Long term elderly care is no longer free of cost. Increasing private participation could be inferred from the statistics that from over 137,200 residential care homes in 1985 the numbers had dropped to 64,100 by 1998 (BBC, 1999).   Elderly care in these settings is not free and is totally means based with those earning more than  £16,000 per annum having to bear the entire expenses while the state provides maximum assistance for those under  £10,000 categories. NHS Spendings review points out that between 1998 and 2010 there was an average 5.75%   increase in health expenditure while the NHS is slated to receive .4% real terms growth between 2010 and 2014. This indicates the degree of financial pressure under which the NHS is operating. As (Appleby et al, 2009) points out, the pressure on NHS will continue to increase with growing challenges due to a mixture of factors including an aging demography, high cost pressure of new medical technologies, and the expectation for higher quality standards.   It is estimated that the NHS has to make considerable cost cuttings by way of improved operational efficiency to the tune of    £15 to  £20 billion in order for it to be able to continue providing equitable access to healthcare services to all the citizens(Nicholson, 2009). It is under these dire circumstances that the UK government proposed some fundamental structural and functional reforms to the NHS that are listed in the white paper ‘Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS’. One of the fundamental changes to the organization of the NHS as listed out in the White paper is the devolution of the ‘Primary care Trusts’ (PCTs) (Nuffield Trust, 2010). The PCTs which were instituted in 2002 to supervise primary care provision is no longer a valid entity. Its function has been taken over by Clinical commissioning groups (CCG) comprising mainly of local GPs. The idea behind such a reform is to increase local empowerment. Furthermore the PCTs were in the past struggling with frequent restructuring. One of the underlying motives behind such a transformation is to place greater responsibility with the local GPs as they are directly involved in service referrals. Also since GPs are directly involved in both commissioning and care provision they are better positioned to make effective assessments and to prevent unnecessary hospitalization and other services. In other words, the establishment of the GP consortia which is one of the highlights of the ‘ Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS’ white paper, is expected to increase the integration between the GP’s , specialists and other service providers paving way for an integrated care delivery mechanism that is both cost effective and efficient. Furthermore, the white paper also refers to the formation of a NHS commissioning board that supervises the overall equitable access to NHS services, commissioning, and the proper allotment of resources. This would ensure that micromanagement is not an issue at the NHS. The new policy framework also dissolves several quangos thereby resulting in greater operational savings. By these means the new reforms are slated to save up to 20 billion in terms of efficiency of operations by 2014.   Projections indicate that up to 45% savings could be realized in the form of management related cost savings (DH, 2010, pg 5). One of the distinctive factors of the current NHS reforms compared to the original NHS policies is the shift from a purely public system towards a more market centric healthcare system. The focus on increasing the participation of the patient and providing them the choice as to their service providers and the treatment that they want are particularly prominent aspects of the new healthcare bill. . The inclusion of the ‘choice of any willing provider’ in the ‘Health and Social Care Bill’ lays stress on the increased freedom for the health consumer (DH, 2010, pg 17). It also emphasizes the increasing competition among contracted health service providers which is ultimately good for improving the overall quality of health care delivery. Reduction in bureaucratic control and empowerment of the care providers imply that the primary care providers’ could function independently and effectively to meet the needs of the patients. Effective monitoring is the key to any functional system. For a huge organization such as the NHS monitoring the functioning of the various agencies and systems is very vital for achieving streamlining of operations, process efficiency and achieving high quality of care. One of the key aspects of the new reforms is entrusting local health watch organizations with the responsibility of managing and addressing the feedbacks from the health consumers. These organizations also support the patients in making their decisions about service providers. These organizations will directly report the performance measures of service providers and patient feedbacks to local as well as national authorities helping to address any consumer grievances and quality concerns at the earliest(DH, 2010, pg 19). While there are proponents for this new system there are also concerns expressed by politicians, professionals and general public who are worried that the competition between medical service providers would engender compromise on quality of services contrary to improving the same. This is particularly so when these decisions are made on the bidding approach and when lower cost of service provision is the main criteria. One particular instance is the drug and alcohol support services that are vastly privatized in the UK. These private organizations are paid  £3000 if the addicts are rehabilitated and remain free of drugs for 3 months and a further  £5000 if they remained drug free for a whole year. There are complaints that under these circumstances, in these private organizations, the focus is not entirely on rehabilitation and saving the patient is not the primary concern. As a case in point, an extreme heroin addict was just discharged from the clinic without any alternative in tervention. Methadone prescription for detoxification was not even tried as the private company would not be remunerated for such an intervention (Pemberton, 2013). . Furthermore since the entire drug and alcohol services is taken up by the private organizations there was no further referral or intervention possible for such cases. These are instances that point out the risks in adapting a privatized and highly fragmented setup.   Furthermore there are concerns that under the concept of ‘payment by results’ that is advocated under the new NHS policies, there is even more risk that the private agencies would just focus on achieving end points of care. While this approach would be okay for acute clinical conditions it leaves a lot to be desired in the management of chronic conditions where there is no visible endpoint. Conclusion From the time of its institution in 1948 to the current period, the NHS has undergone significant changes in its mode of operation. Presently, there is a distinct shift in healthcare focus as witnessed by a change from the fully public model of care delivery towards increasing private participation in the NHS system.   Growing elderly population and increasing strain on its health services have forced the NHS to adopt these new and novel approaches. These include a fundamental change in its mode of care delivery with the increasing private sector participation in care delivery. Though maintaining free point of access care delivery is one of the main mottos of the original 1948 NHS manifesto, the increasing health care consumption and cost pressures have, to an extent, compromised on this objective. Today many services such as prescription drugs, long-term care are no longer free and there is increasing private sector participation as contracted service providers. The purely fragmen ted approach of private sector service providers who are driven by a contractual obligation and cost centered focus, would definitely compromise the quality of services and the original advantages that the NHS offered.   While the growing needs and the changing demands have necessitated such drastic transformation of the NHS system, care should be taken in the form of having enough performance monitoring and quality checkpoints in place that ensure that private participation does not erode some of the fundamental strengths and qualities of the NHS, the most basic of which is to enable equity of access to quality healthcare. Bibliography Appleby J, Crawford R and Emmerson C (2009) How Cold Will it Be? Prospects for NHS Funding 2011–2017. The King’s Fund. Audrey Leathard, (2000), Health Care provision: Past, present and into the 21st century, Second Edition, Published by Nelson Thornes Ltd. UK. BBC (1999), What is Long-Term care? Viewed June 25th 2013, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/395760.stm CDC (2012), Overweight and Obesity : Adult Obesity Facts, viewed June 25th 2013, cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html CDC (2012), Alcohol and Public Health : Fact Sheets Binge Drinking, viewed June 25th 2013, cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/binge-drinking.htm Dinesh C Sharma (2010), India’s No 1 Killer: Heart Disease, viewed June 25th 2013, http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Indias+no.1+killer:+Heart+disease/1/92422.html DH (2005), The NHS Plan: a plan for investment and reform, CM 4818-I, The Stationery Office, Annual Report 2005, p. 55 DH (2010), Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS, viewed June 25th 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/135875/dh_117794.pdf.pdf ISRO (2005), Telemedicine: Enabling specialty healthcare to the rural and remote population of India, viewed June 25th 2013, isro.org/publications/pdf/Telemedicine.pdf Katherine A Webb (2002), From County Hospital to NHS Trust: Volume 1: History, University of York. Max Pemberton (2013), NHS reforms: From today the coalition has put the NHS up for grabs, viewed June 25th 2013, telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9962195/NHS-reforms-From-today-the-Coalition-has-put-the-NHS-up-for-grabs.html Politics.co.uk (2012), NHS Prescription charges, viewed June 25th 2013, politics.co.uk/reference/nhs-prescription-charges NHS (2011), NHS History, viewed June 25th 2013, nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/nhshistory/Pages/NHShistory1948.aspx NHS (2013), The NHS in England, viewed June 27th 2013, nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview.aspx Nicholson D (2009) The Year 2008/09. Department of Health, viewed June 25th 2013, www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_099689 Nuffield Trust (2010), NHS resources and reform: Response to the White paper equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS, and the 2010 Spending Review, viewed June 25th 2013, nuffieldtrust.org.uk/sites/files/nuffield/publication/NHS_resources_and_reform_Oct2010.pdf Tony White (2010), A Guide to the NHS, Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. The Economic Times (2013), India probably world’s third largest economy: OECD,   viewed june 25th 2013, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news/39603030_1_gdp-growth-third-largest-economy-economic-growth-projection Victoria Barbary (2007), Primary Care Trusts: Tailoring Commissioning,   NLGN White Paper, Viewed June 25th 2013, nlgn.org.uk/public/wp-content/uploads/pcts_white-paper.pdf

Investigating Cold Cases Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Investigating Cold Cases - Term Paper Example There are a lot of problems which arise while trying to resume a cold case. One is the non availability of bandwidth to continue the investigation on the case. The other problem is the lack of funds to support the investigation. Also, the people following up on a cold case might get transferred or retired, and the successor might not be able to solve the case, either because of loss of interest or lack of experience in solving such cases (Karen M. Hess). Cold cases may prove to be very dangerous at times, where the criminal, if not arrested because of lack of evidence, might keep committing the same crime again and again. This could have results as bad as loss of several lives. It is advisable to have a cold case squad at all times in the organization. This is because the regular police staff might not be able to follow up on the cold cases because of the increasing crime rates. Such squads should have the right proportion of people who can manage and ones who can investigate. In such squads, the essential requirement is to have an anchor at all points of time. An anchor is a person who has the information and context of the case being investigated. So, having one such person in the squad at all points of time ensures that the team is not low on context even when the old people leave the squad and new people join. A cold case squad is either part time of full time depending on the need. Mostly, a lieutenant is hired to manage the squad (John Douglas). He is the interface of the squad to the outer world ( i.e. the community, press, police department, and the law enforcement agencies). The next person as part of the squad is the supervisor. A supervisor is responsible for managing the daily operations of the squad. Other members of the squads are detectives. The detectives can range from the ones who are a part of the squad full time to the ones who deliver only a part of their time to the case. The detectives are responsible for analyzing